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Tokyo Average Temperature vs US Rural Population

Tokyo Average Temperature and US Rural Population correlate at r = -0.65 over 66 years (1960–2025), p < 0.0001. With the time trend removed, r = +0.20. Likely spurious (shared time trend).

Verdict: Likely spurious (shared time trend). Both series mostly just trend over time. After removing that trend the correlation collapses to 0.20 — the relationship is probably coincidental, not causal.

Pearson r
-0.65
p-value
< 0.0001
Years compared (n)
66 (1960–2025)
95% confidence interval
-0.77 to -0.49
Correlation with the time trend removed
+0.20

Sources

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Correlation does not imply causation. How the verdict is worked out.