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US Milk Consumption per Person vs US Urban Population

US Milk Consumption per Person and US Urban Population correlate at r = -0.42 over 63 years (1961–2023), p = 5.8e-4. With the time trend removed, r = +0.27. Holds up after detrending.

Verdict: Holds up after detrending. Statistically significant (p = 5.8e-4) and the association survives trend removal (detrended r = 0.27). Correlation still isn't causation, but this one isn't an obvious artifact.

Pearson r
-0.42
p-value
5.8e-4
Years compared (n)
63 (1961–2023)
95% confidence interval
-0.61 to -0.19
Correlation with the time trend removed
+0.27

Sources

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Correlation does not imply causation. How the verdict is worked out.