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US Female Labor Force Participation vs US College Enrollment

US Female Labor Force Participation and US College Enrollment correlate at r = -0.46 over 20 years (1990–2022), p = 0.043. With the time trend removed, r = -0.23. Holds up after detrending.

Verdict: Holds up after detrending. Statistically significant (p = 0.043) and the association survives trend removal (detrended r = -0.23). Correlation still isn't causation, but this one isn't an obvious artifact.

Pearson r
-0.46
p-value
0.043
Years compared (n)
20 (1990–2022)
95% confidence interval
-0.75 to -0.02
Correlation with the time trend removed
-0.23

Sources

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Correlation does not imply causation. How the verdict is worked out.