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London Average Temperature vs US R&D Expenditure
London Average Temperature and US R&D Expenditure correlate at r = +0.51 over 28 years (1996–2023), p = 0.0060. With the time trend removed, r = +0.21. Holds up after detrending.
Verdict: Holds up after detrending. Statistically significant (p = 0.0060) and the association survives trend removal (detrended r = 0.21). Correlation still isn't causation, but this one isn't an obvious artifact.
- Pearson r
- +0.51
- p-value
- 0.0060
- Years compared (n)
- 28 (1996–2023)
- 95% confidence interval
- 0.16 to 0.74
- Correlation with the time trend removed
- +0.21
Sources
- London Average Temperature (°C): Open-Meteo (ERA5). Annual mean 2m air temperature for London from the ERA5 reanalysis.
- US R&D Expenditure (% of GDP): World Bank. US R&D Expenditure (World Bank indicator GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS).
Related pairs
- Atmospheric Methane (global) vs US R&D Expenditure (r = +0.95)
- US Wind Power Generation vs US R&D Expenditure (r = +0.95)
- US Population Aged 65+ vs US R&D Expenditure (r = +0.95)
- US Solar Energy Consumption vs US R&D Expenditure (r = +0.94)
- US Federal Debt Outstanding vs US R&D Expenditure (r = +0.94)
- US Coal Consumption vs US R&D Expenditure (r = -0.93)
Correlation does not imply causation. How the verdict is worked out.