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US Federal Debt Outstanding vs US R&D Expenditure
US Federal Debt Outstanding and US R&D Expenditure correlate at r = +0.94 over 28 years (1996–2023), p < 0.0001. With the time trend removed, r = +0.77. Holds up after detrending.
Verdict: Holds up after detrending. Statistically significant (p = < 0.0001) and the association survives trend removal (detrended r = 0.77). Correlation still isn't causation, but this one isn't an obvious artifact.
- Pearson r
- +0.94
- p-value
- < 0.0001
- Years compared (n)
- 28 (1996–2023)
- 95% confidence interval
- 0.87 to 0.97
- Correlation with the time trend removed
- +0.77
Sources
- US Federal Debt Outstanding (USD): U.S. Treasury. Total US federal debt outstanding at the end of each fiscal year (U.S. Treasury Fiscal Data).
- US R&D Expenditure (% of GDP): World Bank. US R&D Expenditure (World Bank indicator GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS).
Related pairs
- US Renewable Energy Share vs US Federal Debt Outstanding (r = +0.99)
- US Wind Power Generation vs US Federal Debt Outstanding (r = +0.99)
- US Federal Debt Outstanding vs US GDP (current US$) (r = +0.97)
- Atmospheric Methane (global) vs US R&D Expenditure (r = +0.95)
- US Federal Debt Outstanding vs US GDP per Capita (r = +0.95)
- Atmospheric Methane (global) vs US Federal Debt Outstanding (r = +0.95)
Correlation does not imply causation. How the verdict is worked out.