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Tokyo Average Temperature vs US R&D Expenditure
Tokyo Average Temperature and US R&D Expenditure correlate at r = +0.72 over 28 years (1996–2023), p < 0.0001. With the time trend removed, r = +0.31. Interpret with caution.
Verdict: Interpret with caution. Much of the apparent link is driven by a shared time trend: r falls from 0.72 to 0.31 once the trend is removed.
- Pearson r
- +0.72
- p-value
- < 0.0001
- Years compared (n)
- 28 (1996–2023)
- 95% confidence interval
- 0.48 to 0.86
- Correlation with the time trend removed
- +0.31
Sources
- Tokyo Average Temperature (°C): Open-Meteo (ERA5). Annual mean 2m air temperature for Tokyo from the ERA5 reanalysis.
- US R&D Expenditure (% of GDP): World Bank. US R&D Expenditure (World Bank indicator GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS).
Related pairs
- Atmospheric Methane (global) vs US R&D Expenditure (r = +0.95)
- US Wind Power Generation vs US R&D Expenditure (r = +0.95)
- US Population Aged 65+ vs US R&D Expenditure (r = +0.95)
- US Solar Energy Consumption vs US R&D Expenditure (r = +0.94)
- US Federal Debt Outstanding vs US R&D Expenditure (r = +0.94)
- US Coal Consumption vs US R&D Expenditure (r = -0.93)
Correlation does not imply causation. How the verdict is worked out.