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US Dollar to British Pound vs US R&D Expenditure
US Dollar to British Pound and US R&D Expenditure correlate at r = +0.80 over 25 years (1999–2023), p < 0.0001. With the time trend removed, r = +0.53. Holds up after detrending.
Verdict: Holds up after detrending. Statistically significant (p = < 0.0001) and the association survives trend removal (detrended r = 0.53). Correlation still isn't causation, but this one isn't an obvious artifact.
- Pearson r
- +0.80
- p-value
- < 0.0001
- Years compared (n)
- 25 (1999–2023)
- 95% confidence interval
- 0.58 to 0.91
- Correlation with the time trend removed
- +0.53
Sources
- US Dollar to British Pound (GBP per USD): Frankfurter (ECB). Annual mean US Dollar to British Pound exchange rate (European Central Bank reference rates).
- US R&D Expenditure (% of GDP): World Bank. US R&D Expenditure (World Bank indicator GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS).
Related pairs
- Atmospheric Methane (global) vs US R&D Expenditure (r = +0.95)
- US Wind Power Generation vs US R&D Expenditure (r = +0.95)
- US Population Aged 65+ vs US R&D Expenditure (r = +0.95)
- US Solar Energy Consumption vs US R&D Expenditure (r = +0.94)
- US Federal Debt Outstanding vs US R&D Expenditure (r = +0.94)
- US Coal Consumption vs US R&D Expenditure (r = -0.93)
Correlation does not imply causation. How the verdict is worked out.