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Atmospheric CO₂ (Mauna Loa) vs US Female Labor Force Participation

Atmospheric CO₂ (Mauna Loa) and US Female Labor Force Participation correlate at r = -0.48 over 36 years (1990–2025), p = 0.0031. With the time trend removed, r = -0.63. Holds up after detrending.

Verdict: Holds up after detrending. Statistically significant (p = 0.0031) and the association survives trend removal (detrended r = -0.63). Correlation still isn't causation, but this one isn't an obvious artifact.

Pearson r
-0.48
p-value
0.0031
Years compared (n)
36 (1990–2025)
95% confidence interval
-0.70 to -0.18
Correlation with the time trend removed
-0.63

Sources

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Correlation does not imply causation. How the verdict is worked out.