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Arctic Sea Ice Extent (September) vs US R&D Expenditure
Arctic Sea Ice Extent (September) and US R&D Expenditure correlate at r = -0.58 over 28 years (1996–2023), p = 0.0011. With the time trend removed, r = +0.41. Direction flips without the trend.
Verdict: Direction flips without the trend. The raw correlation is -0.58, but once each series' time trend is removed it becomes 0.41. The year-to-year movements run the opposite way to the long-run trends, so the headline number is misleading.
- Pearson r
- -0.58
- p-value
- 0.0011
- Years compared (n)
- 28 (1996–2023)
- 95% confidence interval
- -0.79 to -0.27
- Correlation with the time trend removed
- +0.41
Sources
- Arctic Sea Ice Extent (September) (million km²): NSIDC. Mean Arctic sea ice extent in September, the yearly minimum (NSIDC Sea Ice Index).
- US R&D Expenditure (% of GDP): World Bank. US R&D Expenditure (World Bank indicator GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS).
Related pairs
- Atmospheric Methane (global) vs US R&D Expenditure (r = +0.95)
- US Wind Power Generation vs US R&D Expenditure (r = +0.95)
- US Population Aged 65+ vs US R&D Expenditure (r = +0.95)
- US Solar Energy Consumption vs US R&D Expenditure (r = +0.94)
- US Federal Debt Outstanding vs US R&D Expenditure (r = +0.94)
- US Coal Consumption vs US R&D Expenditure (r = -0.93)
Correlation does not imply causation. How the verdict is worked out.