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US CO₂ Emissions per Capita vs US Female Labor Force Participation

US CO₂ Emissions per Capita and US Female Labor Force Participation correlate at r = +0.72 over 35 years (1990–2024), p < 0.0001. With the time trend removed, r = +0.85. Holds up after detrending.

Verdict: Holds up after detrending. Statistically significant (p = < 0.0001) and the association survives trend removal (detrended r = 0.85). Correlation still isn't causation, but this one isn't an obvious artifact.

Pearson r
+0.72
p-value
< 0.0001
Years compared (n)
35 (1990–2024)
95% confidence interval
0.51 to 0.85
Correlation with the time trend removed
+0.85

Sources

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Correlation does not imply causation. How the verdict is worked out.