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US Milk Consumption per Person vs US R&D Expenditure
US Milk Consumption per Person and US R&D Expenditure correlate at r = -0.55 over 28 years (1996–2023), p = 0.0024. With the time trend removed, r = +0.43. Direction flips without the trend.
Verdict: Direction flips without the trend. The raw correlation is -0.55, but once each series' time trend is removed it becomes 0.43. The year-to-year movements run the opposite way to the long-run trends, so the headline number is misleading.
- Pearson r
- -0.55
- p-value
- 0.0024
- Years compared (n)
- 28 (1996–2023)
- 95% confidence interval
- -0.77 to -0.22
- Correlation with the time trend removed
- +0.43
Sources
- US Milk Consumption per Person (kg/year): Our World in Data. US Milk Consumption per Person (Our World in Data: Per capita consumption of milk, excluding butter).
- US R&D Expenditure (% of GDP): World Bank. US R&D Expenditure (World Bank indicator GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS).
Related pairs
- Atmospheric Methane (global) vs US R&D Expenditure (r = +0.95)
- US Wind Power Generation vs US R&D Expenditure (r = +0.95)
- US Population Aged 65+ vs US R&D Expenditure (r = +0.95)
- US Solar Energy Consumption vs US R&D Expenditure (r = +0.94)
- US Federal Debt Outstanding vs US R&D Expenditure (r = +0.94)
- US Coal Consumption vs US R&D Expenditure (r = -0.93)
Correlation does not imply causation. How the verdict is worked out.