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US Annual Working Hours per Worker vs US Population

US Annual Working Hours per Worker and US Population correlate at r = -0.81 over 64 years (1960–2023), p < 0.0001. With the time trend removed, r = +0.59. Direction flips without the trend.

Verdict: Direction flips without the trend. The raw correlation is -0.81, but once each series' time trend is removed it becomes 0.59. The year-to-year movements run the opposite way to the long-run trends, so the headline number is misleading.

Pearson r
-0.81
p-value
< 0.0001
Years compared (n)
64 (1960–2023)
95% confidence interval
-0.88 to -0.70
Correlation with the time trend removed
+0.59

Sources

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Correlation does not imply causation. How the verdict is worked out.