CorrelateAI › Pairs
US Annual Working Hours per Worker vs US R&D Expenditure
US Annual Working Hours per Worker and US R&D Expenditure correlate at r = -0.61 over 28 years (1996–2023), p = 6.1e-4. With the time trend removed, r = +0.41. Direction flips without the trend.
Verdict: Direction flips without the trend. The raw correlation is -0.61, but once each series' time trend is removed it becomes 0.41. The year-to-year movements run the opposite way to the long-run trends, so the headline number is misleading.
- Pearson r
- -0.61
- p-value
- 6.1e-4
- Years compared (n)
- 28 (1996–2023)
- 95% confidence interval
- -0.80 to -0.30
- Correlation with the time trend removed
- +0.41
Sources
- US Annual Working Hours per Worker (hours): Our World in Data. US Annual Working Hours per Worker (Our World in Data: Working hours per worker).
- US R&D Expenditure (% of GDP): World Bank. US R&D Expenditure (World Bank indicator GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS).
Related pairs
- Atmospheric Methane (global) vs US R&D Expenditure (r = +0.95)
- US Wind Power Generation vs US R&D Expenditure (r = +0.95)
- US Population Aged 65+ vs US R&D Expenditure (r = +0.95)
- US Solar Energy Consumption vs US R&D Expenditure (r = +0.94)
- US Federal Debt Outstanding vs US R&D Expenditure (r = +0.94)
- US Coal Consumption vs US R&D Expenditure (r = -0.93)
Correlation does not imply causation. How the verdict is worked out.