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Sunspot Number vs US R&D Expenditure
Sunspot Number and US R&D Expenditure correlate at r = -0.18 over 28 years (1996–2023), p = 0.346. With the time trend removed, r = +0.12. Not statistically significant.
Verdict: Not statistically significant. With n = 28, this correlation isn't statistically significant (p = 0.346). It could easily be chance.
- Pearson r
- -0.18
- p-value
- 0.346
- Years compared (n)
- 28 (1996–2023)
- 95% confidence interval
- -0.52 to 0.20
- Correlation with the time trend removed
- +0.12
Sources
- Sunspot Number (yearly mean): SILSO. Yearly mean total sunspot number (SILSO, Royal Observatory of Belgium).
- US R&D Expenditure (% of GDP): World Bank. US R&D Expenditure (World Bank indicator GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS).
Related pairs
- Atmospheric Methane (global) vs US R&D Expenditure (r = +0.95)
- US Wind Power Generation vs US R&D Expenditure (r = +0.95)
- US Population Aged 65+ vs US R&D Expenditure (r = +0.95)
- US Solar Energy Consumption vs US R&D Expenditure (r = +0.94)
- US Federal Debt Outstanding vs US R&D Expenditure (r = +0.94)
- US Coal Consumption vs US R&D Expenditure (r = -0.93)
Correlation does not imply causation. How the verdict is worked out.