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US Female Labor Force Participation vs US R&D Expenditure
US Female Labor Force Participation and US R&D Expenditure correlate at r = -0.73 over 28 years (1996–2023), p < 0.0001. With the time trend removed, r = +0.16. Likely spurious (shared time trend).
Verdict: Likely spurious (shared time trend). Both series mostly just trend over time. After removing that trend the correlation collapses to 0.16 — the relationship is probably coincidental, not causal.
- Pearson r
- -0.73
- p-value
- < 0.0001
- Years compared (n)
- 28 (1996–2023)
- 95% confidence interval
- -0.87 to -0.50
- Correlation with the time trend removed
- +0.16
Sources
- US Female Labor Force Participation (% of women 15+): World Bank. US Female Labor Force Participation (World Bank indicator SL.TLF.CACT.FE.ZS).
- US R&D Expenditure (% of GDP): World Bank. US R&D Expenditure (World Bank indicator GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS).
Related pairs
- Atmospheric Methane (global) vs US R&D Expenditure (r = +0.95)
- US Wind Power Generation vs US R&D Expenditure (r = +0.95)
- US Population Aged 65+ vs US R&D Expenditure (r = +0.95)
- US Solar Energy Consumption vs US R&D Expenditure (r = +0.94)
- US Federal Debt Outstanding vs US R&D Expenditure (r = +0.94)
- US Coal Consumption vs US R&D Expenditure (r = -0.93)
Correlation does not imply causation. How the verdict is worked out.