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US Forest Area vs US R&D Expenditure
US Forest Area and US R&D Expenditure correlate at r = +0.69 over 28 years (1996–2023), p < 0.0001. With the time trend removed, r = -0.79. Direction flips without the trend.
Verdict: Direction flips without the trend. The raw correlation is 0.69, but once each series' time trend is removed it becomes -0.79. The year-to-year movements run the opposite way to the long-run trends, so the headline number is misleading.
- Pearson r
- +0.69
- p-value
- < 0.0001
- Years compared (n)
- 28 (1996–2023)
- 95% confidence interval
- 0.43 to 0.85
- Correlation with the time trend removed
- -0.79
Sources
- US Forest Area (% of land): World Bank. US Forest Area (World Bank indicator AG.LND.FRST.ZS).
- US R&D Expenditure (% of GDP): World Bank. US R&D Expenditure (World Bank indicator GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS).
Related pairs
- US Forest Area vs US Mobile Subscriptions (r = +0.98)
- US Forest Area vs US Resident Patent Applications (r = +0.97)
- US Adult Obesity vs US Forest Area (r = +0.97)
- US Forest Area vs US Population (r = +0.97)
- Atmospheric Methane (global) vs US R&D Expenditure (r = +0.95)
- Atmospheric CO₂ (Mauna Loa) vs US Forest Area (r = +0.95)
Correlation does not imply causation. How the verdict is worked out.