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Tokyo Average Temperature vs US Federal Debt Outstanding

Tokyo Average Temperature and US Federal Debt Outstanding correlate at r = +0.83 over 66 years (1960–2025), p < 0.0001. With the time trend removed, r = +0.59. Holds up after detrending.

Verdict: Holds up after detrending. Statistically significant (p = < 0.0001) and the association survives trend removal (detrended r = 0.59). Correlation still isn't causation, but this one isn't an obvious artifact.

Pearson r
+0.83
p-value
< 0.0001
Years compared (n)
66 (1960–2025)
95% confidence interval
0.74 to 0.89
Correlation with the time trend removed
+0.59

Sources

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Correlation does not imply causation. How the verdict is worked out.