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Arctic Sea Ice Extent (September) vs US Fertility Rate

Arctic Sea Ice Extent (September) and US Fertility Rate correlate at r = +0.36 over 45 years (1979–2023), p = 0.014. With the time trend removed, r = -0.01. Holds up after detrending.

Verdict: Holds up after detrending. Statistically significant (p = 0.014) and the association survives trend removal (detrended r = -0.01). Correlation still isn't causation, but this one isn't an obvious artifact.

Pearson r
+0.36
p-value
0.014
Years compared (n)
45 (1979–2023)
95% confidence interval
0.08 to 0.59
Correlation with the time trend removed
-0.01

Sources

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Correlation does not imply causation. How the verdict is worked out.